NGOs and the Standardization of International Contracts: A Comparative Study of the CISG, AfCFTA, and Global Trade Frameworks
This research investigates the push toward standardisation in international contracts, examining the roles of the CISG, AfCFTA, and other emerging trade frameworks. It explores how these international agreements, alongside the efforts of non-governmental organisations, attempt to harmonise contract standards to improve enforceability, dispute resolution, and trust in cross-border transactions.
Research Opportunities
Summary
Standardisation in international contracts is essential for reducing trade barriers and establishing clear expectations in global trade. This study provides a comparative analysis of how the CISG, AfCFTA protocols, and influential international NGOs (e.g., the International Chamber of Commerce) work to address contract standards and promote equitable trade practices. Special attention is given to NGOs' roles in influencing policy, advocating for fair trade, and supporting the implementation of international agreements, particularly in regions with emerging markets.
The research highlights key differences in the approach to enforceability, implied terms, and contract interpretation across jurisdictions and the influence NGOs have on these areas. It aims to identify strengths and limitations in current frameworks and provide insights into how global standards can evolve to enhance legal certainty and support sustainable trade.
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We welcome specific ideas from applicants for a potential research degree topic. The University offers a number of potential self-funded topics in each School which you could consider developing your research project around.
It is not unusual for a proposed research degree topic to evolve as you progress through the application stage and even your future studies. This ensures the best match of your academic/professional experience with that of your supervisory team.
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Entry requirements
Entry Requirements for Research Degrees
Normal entry requirements are a first or upper second class honours degree from a University of the United Kingdom, or from an overseas University, or degree equivalent qualification, subject to the approval of Robert Gordon University.
Applicants holding other qualifications shall be considered on their merits and in relation to the nature and scope of the proposed research programme.
Applicants will normally register for an MSc/PhD or MRes/PhD with transfer to PhD dependent on satisfactory progress. However, applicants who already possess a Master’s degree which includes a significant research component could be registered directly for a PhD, subject to a satisfactory research proposal, and clear evidence of research expertise.
Some Research Degree Topics require employment experience, research experience and/or transcripts for international qualifications.
Contact researchdegrees@rgu.ac.uk to see if you are eligible.
English Language
Any applicant whose first language or language of previous University-level instruction is not English must normally demonstrate competence in English. This should be a score of IELTS 6.5 with 6.5 in all elements, or an approved equivalent.
We accept a variety of in-country and secure English language tests, find out more:
Please note, some courses may require a higher standard of English than stated in this page. Contact researchdegrees@rgu.ac.uk for further information.
Fees & Costs
For Academic Year 2024/2025
UK/EU Students
- Full time - £4,786 per academic year
- Part time MPhil/PhD - £2,870 per academic year
- Part time MRes/MSc by research - £2,390 per academic year
International Students
- Full time - £16,980 per academic year
- Part time MPhil/PhD - £10,190 per academic year
- Part time MRes/MSc by research - £8,490 per academic year
For Academic Year 2023/2024
UK/EU Students
- Full time - £4,712 per academic year
- Part time MPhil/PhD - £2,830 per academic year
- Part time MRes/MSc by research - £2,356 per academic year
International Students
- Full time - £16,330 per academic year
- Part time MPhil/PhD - £9,798 per academic year
- Part time MRes/MSc by research - £8.165 per academic year
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Robert Gordon University is delighted to offer a 20% discount on course fees for all alumni who have graduated from RGU.
Scholarships and Financial Awards
Postgraduate research students will normally make their own arrangements for payment of fees. However you may qualify for a scholarship or financial award:
Funded Studentships
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How to Apply
Applications
All applications should be made via the University's online application for research students.
Before you apply, find out more about the application process, research proposal writing guides, routes and durations:
Our Research degrees usually start in February and October each year. There are no formal deadlines for you to submit your application, though we recommend you submit it as early as possible in order to ensure we can help you join us at your preferred time.
Completed application forms should be accompanied by:
- Degree certificate
- Statement of purpose, detailing why you would like to study this degree in the UK, and why you have chosen RGU.
- A short research proposal, in the range of 1,500 - 3,000 words, containing a rationale and background, study aims and objectives, a literature review, proposed research methods and a full reference list.
Further guidance on the application process:
English Language Requirements
All applicants whose first language is not from a recognised English speaking country will be asked to provide evidence of their English language skills as part of their offer to study at RGU.
Find out more about the English language qualification we accept:
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